Condition

Perioperative infections, particularly surgical site infections (SSIs), remain a significant source of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs globally. Implementing rigorous infection prevention protocols throughout the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods is essential to enhancing patient safety and surgical outcomes. Understanding Perioperative Infection Perioperative infection refers to infections that occur during or shortly after

Peri-operative hemorrhage remains one of the most challenging and potentially dangerous complications during and after surgery. Excessive bleeding can lead to a variety of adverse outcomes, including increased risk of infection, longer recovery times, and, in severe cases, mortality. Prevention strategies focus on minimizing blood loss, managing risk factors, and ensuring effective intervention if hemorrhage

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a condition characterized by sudden, rapid heartbeats originating from the upper chambers of the heart. This arrhythmia can occur without warning and cause significant symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Although PSVT can often be treated effectively, preventing its onset is key to improving quality of life

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare genetic disorder of heme biosynthesis that leads to a buildup of protoporphyrin IX, a compound that can accumulate in the skin, liver, and other tissues. One of the hallmark features of EPP is an extreme sensitivity to sunlight, resulting in painful phototoxic reactions. These reactions typically manifest as intense

Miosis during ocular surgery—particularly cataract procedures—poses significant surgical challenges. Intraoperative miosis refers to the constriction of the pupil that can occur during surgery despite initial pharmacologic dilation. It restricts visibility and access to intraocular structures, increasing the risk of complications such as capsular rupture, vitreous loss, and increased operative time. The primary mechanism involves the

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely prescribed medications for pain and inflammation. Despite their efficacy, they are a leading cause of gastric mucosal injury, leading to ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and even perforation. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), particularly COX-1, reducing prostaglandin synthesis essential for mucosal defense. This reduction compromises gastric mucosal integrity, leading

Nerve agents are among the most lethal chemical warfare substances, classified under organophosphorus compounds. They disrupt the nervous system by irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine, resulting in continuous nerve stimulation, paralysis, respiratory failure, and potentially death. The most notorious nerve agents include: These agents may be deployed through aerosol, vapor, or

Nausea and vomiting are protective reflexes triggered by the central nervous system in response to a wide variety of stimuli, including gastrointestinal irritation, vestibular dysfunction, toxins, medications, and psychological stress. The brainstem houses the vomiting center, which receives input from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), vestibular system, and vagal afferents from the gastrointestinal tract. These

Motion sickness is a common condition triggered by repetitive motion from vehicles such as cars, boats, airplanes, or virtual simulation. It occurs when the inner ear, eyes, and sensory nerves send conflicting signals to the brain. This sensory mismatch leads to symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and cold sweats. Those most susceptible include children

Measles remains a highly contagious viral illness with significant public health implications. Prompt and evidence-based intervention following exposure is essential to prevent transmission and limit outbreaks. Implementing robust post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) strategies is critical in high-risk settings such as schools, healthcare facilities, and communities with low vaccination coverage. Understanding Measles Transmission Dynamics Measles is caused