Condition

Bladder carcinoma, particularly non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), exhibits one of the highest recurrence rates among all malignancies. Despite complete tumor resection via transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), recurrence occurs in approximately 50–70% of cases. Preventing recurrent bladder carcinoma requires a multifaceted approach encompassing risk stratification, adjuvant therapies, vigilant monitoring, and modifiable lifestyle factors.

Recurrent atrial flutter is a common and challenging supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by rapid, regular atrial contractions, typically around 240–340 bpm. Often caused by a macro-reentrant circuit, most commonly in the right atrium, atrial flutter can recur after initial resolution, especially in patients with structural heart disease, post-surgical states, or comorbid atrial fibrillation (AF). Effective prevention

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, characterized by rapid, irregular atrial activity. Recurrent atrial fibrillation refers to the return of arrhythmic episodes after initial restoration of normal sinus rhythm, either spontaneously or through therapeutic intervention. Recurrence rates are significant—up to 70% within the first year in untreated cases—underscoring the need for

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most prevalent oral mucosal conditions, marked by the repeated emergence of painful, shallow ulcers—commonly referred to as canker sores. These lesions affect the non-keratinized mucosa such as the buccal and labial mucosa, floor of the mouth, and soft palate. Although benign, RAS can significantly impair quality of

Radiation-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV) is a frequent and distressing side effect experienced by cancer patients receiving radiotherapy, particularly in the abdominal and pelvic regions. RINV not only compromises patient quality of life but may also lead to non-compliance, treatment delays, and nutritional deficiencies. The severity of symptoms is influenced by radiation field size, dose,

Radiation therapy-induced mucositis is a common and debilitating complication in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Characterized by erythema, ulceration, and pain of the oral mucosa, mucositis adversely affects nutritional intake, oral hygiene, treatment compliance, and overall quality of life. Preventing mucositis is imperative to maintaining uninterrupted cancer treatment and reducing morbidity. Pathophysiology

Posterior synechiae refers to the adhesion of the iris to the anterior lens capsule, often as a sequela of intraocular inflammation such as anterior uveitis or iritis. If left untreated, these adhesions can lead to complications including secondary glaucoma, irregular pupil shape, impaired aqueous humor flow, and decreased visual acuity. Preventing posterior synechiae is essential

Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are among the most common complications following anesthesia and surgery, affecting up to 30% of the general surgical population and up to 80% of high-risk patients. Beyond patient discomfort, PONV can lead to delayed recovery, unanticipated hospital admissions, and increased healthcare costs. An evidence-based, multimodal approach is essential for effective

Post-extubation laryngeal edema (PLE) is a potentially life-threatening complication occurring in a significant subset of patients following endotracheal intubation, particularly in intensive care settings. Manifesting as stridor and respiratory distress, untreated PLE can rapidly progress to complete airway obstruction, necessitating emergency re-intubation or tracheostomy. A well-structured prevention strategy is essential to ensure patient safety and

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most frequent arrhythmia following cardio-thoracic surgery, affecting 20–50% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve replacements, or combined procedures. POAF is associated with prolonged hospital stays, increased risk of stroke, heightened mortality, and elevated healthcare costs. A comprehensive approach involving pharmacologic, non-pharmacologic, and surgical strategies is essential