Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is a form of irregular heart rhythm where the atria experience brief episodes of chaotic electrical activity. These episodes can last from a few seconds to several hours, and in many cases, they resolve spontaneously. Despite the transient nature of these arrhythmic episodes, patients with PAF are at a significantly higher
Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmias globally and is closely associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, particularly ischemic stroke. The irregular rhythm of AF disrupts the normal flow of blood in the atria, leading to the formation of blood clots. These clots can then travel to the brain,
Skin allografts remain indispensable in the management of extensive burns, chronic wounds, and certain reconstructive procedures. However, the immunogenic nature of skin, rich in antigen-presenting cells and vascularization, renders it particularly susceptible to acute and chronic rejection. Preventing skin allograft rejection requires a multifaceted approach that integrates immune modulation, histocompatibility matching, and graft monitoring. Immunopathogenesis
Seizures following cranial trauma or neurosurgical interventions represent a serious neurological complication with implications for recovery, long-term outcomes, and patient safety. These seizures can be classified as: Prevention and management demand a structured approach integrating clinical assessment, pharmacologic prophylaxis, and individualized risk stratification. Risk Factors for Seizures After Cranial Trauma or Neurosurgery Understanding who is
Rhesus isoimmunization, or Rh sensitization, occurs when an Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs), triggering an immune response that results in the production of anti-D antibodies. These antibodies can cross the placenta in subsequent pregnancies, leading to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)—a severe and sometimes fatal condition.
Rh isoimmunization, or Rh sensitization, occurs when an Rh-negative woman is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs), leading to the production of anti-D antibodies. In future pregnancies, these antibodies may cross the placenta and attack Rh-positive fetal cells, resulting in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Even minimal fetomaternal hemorrhage during
Rh isoimmunization, or Rh alloimmunization, is a potentially serious immunologic reaction that occurs when an Rh-negative individual is exposed to Rh-positive red blood cells (RBCs), typically via blood transfusion. This exposure prompts the immune system to develop anti-D antibodies, leading to complications such as hemolytic transfusion reactions and future incompatibility in transfusion or pregnancy scenarios.
Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to the maternal immune system recognizing fetal red blood cells as foreign and producing antibodies. This sensitization can result in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), a serious condition that may cause anemia, jaundice, or even fetal death if not managed
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in newborns is a critical condition primarily caused by insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant, most commonly affecting preterm infants. Surfactant is essential for reducing surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during expiration. Without timely intervention, RDS can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Preventive strategies must be initiated during the
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), encompassing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a frequent complication in patients with cancer. Known as cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT), this condition not only increases morbidity and mortality but also complicates oncological treatment. The prevention of recurrent venous thrombosis in malignancy is a clinical priority, as recurrence rates remain high