Progressive vaccinia (PV) is a rare and severe complication of the smallpox vaccination, primarily affecting individuals with weakened immune systems. The disease is caused by the vaccinia virus, a virus used in the smallpox vaccine. While smallpox eradication has been successful, the risk of progressive vaccinia still poses a threat to those with compromised immunity.
Primary ovarian failure (POF), also known as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), is a clinical syndrome characterized by the loss of normal ovarian function before the age of 40. It leads to infertility, hypoestrogenism, and elevated gonadotropin levels. While the condition resembles natural menopause, it occurs significantly earlier and may present intermittently rather than being a
Primary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Deficiency (PIGFD), also known as Laron syndrome or growth hormone insensitivity syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the body’s inability to produce or respond to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), despite normal or elevated levels of growth hormone (GH). IGF-1 plays a pivotal role in childhood growth and development, and
Primary Immune Deficiency Disorder (PIDD) refers to a group of over 400 rare, chronic disorders in which part of the body’s immune system is either missing or functions improperly. These conditions are inherited genetic defects that compromise the immune system’s ability to defend against infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. Individuals with PIDD are more susceptible
Primary hypogonadism is defined as testicular failure that results in inadequate production of testosterone and impaired spermatogenesis. When the etiology is orchitis—an inflammatory condition of the testes—testicular tissue may be permanently damaged, leading to irreversible endocrine and reproductive dysfunction. The condition necessitates early recognition, targeted treatment, and long-term hormonal management to maintain quality of life
Primary hypogonadism is a clinical condition characterized by impaired testicular function resulting in reduced testosterone production and/or impaired spermatogenesis. When this condition arises as a consequence of bilateral torsion of the testes, it becomes a urological and endocrinological emergency with long-term reproductive and hormonal implications. In primary hypogonadism due to bilateral testicular torsion, the underlying
Primary focal hyperhidrosis of the axilla is a chronic condition characterized by excessive underarm sweating that occurs without identifiable medical cause. Unlike secondary hyperhidrosis, which is triggered by systemic conditions or medications, primary axillary hyperhidrosis typically begins in adolescence and persists throughout adulthood. The condition affects both genders equally and has a substantial impact on
Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (PC-ALCL) is a distinct subtype of CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, predominantly manifesting in the skin without systemic involvement at the time of diagnosis. It is imperative to differentiate PC-ALCL from other forms of cutaneous or systemic lymphomas due to differences in clinical behavior, treatment, and prognosis. Pathophysiology and Molecular
Priapism is a rare but serious medical condition characterized by a prolonged and often painful erection that persists for hours without sexual stimulation. While an erection typically subsides after sexual activity or arousal, priapism can occur spontaneously and lead to significant physical and psychological distress. If left untreated, priapism can cause permanent damage to the
Septic abortion remains a critical public health concern, particularly in settings with limited access to safe abortion services. Among the bacterial pathogens implicated in this condition, Prevotella species, especially Prevotella bivia, have emerged as prominent anaerobic agents. These gram-negative anaerobes are part of the normal vaginal flora but become pathogenic when ascending into the upper