Condition

Vitreoretinal surgery, particularly pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), demands meticulous precision and clear intraoperative visualization. The transparent nature of vitreous gel, epiretinal membranes (ERMs), and internal limiting membrane (ILM) presents significant challenges during surgery. Enhancing visualization is critical for safe tissue dissection, complete removal of pathological membranes, and minimizing iatrogenic trauma. We examine key adjuncts and

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble nutrient critical for blood clotting, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular health. Due to its fat-soluble nature, absorption of vitamin K depends heavily on proper digestion and assimilation of dietary fats. Any disruption in fat absorption—whether from gastrointestinal disorders, liver dysfunction, or surgical interventions—can impair vitamin K uptake and lead to deficiency.

Vitamin E deficiency, or hypovitaminosis E, is a rare yet serious condition that can result in neurological impairments, muscle weakness, and immune dysfunction. As a fat-soluble antioxidant, vitamin E (primarily alpha-tocopherol) plays a crucial role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative stress. Deficiency arises from either inadequate dietary intake, fat malabsorption, or genetic disorders affecting

Vitamin deficiency occurs when the body lacks adequate levels of one or more essential vitamins required for optimal physiological functioning. These deficiencies can lead to a wide range of health complications, including impaired immunity, poor bone health, anemia, neurological disorders, and skin conditions. Both developed and developing countries face issues with vitamin deficiencies, often linked

Vitamin D Dependent Rickets (VDDR) is a rare group of genetic disorders that impair the metabolism or function of vitamin D, leading to defective bone mineralization and skeletal deformities. Unlike nutritional rickets, which arises from inadequate dietary intake or insufficient sunlight exposure, VDDR stems from intrinsic metabolic abnormalities affecting the synthesis, activation, or response to

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for maintaining calcium and phosphate balance, promoting bone mineralization, and supporting immune function. It plays a significant role in muscle health, mood regulation, and inflammation control. There are two primary forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), with D3 being the more potent and biologically active form.

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential water-soluble vitamin critical for numerous physiological functions. It supports collagen synthesis, enhances iron absorption, boosts immune response, and acts as a powerful antioxidant. As the human body cannot synthesize vitamin C endogenously, it must be consumed through diet. Causes of Vitamin C Deficiency Inadequate Dietary

Vitamin B12 deficiency, a widespread yet often overlooked condition, can lead to serious neurological, hematological, and psychological complications if left untreated. Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and maintaining healthy nerve cells. The deficiency often progresses silently, making early recognition and intervention critical. The Biological

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is transmitted primarily through ingestion of contaminated food or water or direct contact with an infectious person. Although rarely fatal, hepatitis A can cause severe illness, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing liver conditions. Understanding HAV Transmission

Vertigo is a disorienting condition characterized by the false sensation of spinning or motion. It stems primarily from dysfunction in the vestibular system, which includes the inner ear and parts of the brain responsible for balance. Contrary to common belief, vertigo is not a disease itself but rather a symptom of various underlying medical conditions.