Condition

Preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recurrent preterm birth, which occurs when a woman has experienced a previous preterm delivery, significantly increases the risk of subsequent early deliveries. A history of spontaneous preterm birth is one of the strongest predictors for

The opioid overdose crisis remains a global public health emergency, driven by both prescription opioids and illicit substances such as fentanyl. To address the escalating rates of opioid-related morbidity and mortality, it is essential to implement robust, evidence-based risk mitigation strategies. These measures encompass preventive interventions, clinical oversight, harm reduction practices, and rapid response systems

Rickets is a pediatric skeletal disorder resulting from defective mineralization of the growth plates due to prolonged deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. The condition leads to bone softening and deformities, most commonly in children aged 6 months to 3 years, during periods of rapid growth. Unlike osteomalacia, which affects adults, rickets occurs in

Rhinorrhea, commonly known as a runny nose, is characterized by excessive nasal discharge. It may present as a watery, mucoid, or purulent fluid and can result from a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Rhinorrhea can be acute or chronic, unilateral or bilateral, and may be associated with other symptoms such as nasal congestion,

Rhinocerebral phycomycosis, also referred to as rhinocerebral mucormycosis, is a fulminant, angioinvasive fungal infection predominantly caused by fungi of the order Mucorales, especially Rhizopus species. This rare but rapidly progressing condition primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, especially in the context of ketoacidosis. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive management are critical to

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder primarily affecting synovial joints. Unlike osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear, RA is characterized by immune-mediated inflammation that leads to joint damage, functional impairment, and systemic complications. Early detection and aggressive treatment are critical to mitigating long-term disability and improving patient outcomes. Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid

Rivaroxaban, a direct Factor Xa inhibitor, is widely used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and postoperative thromboprophylaxis. While effective in reducing thromboembolic events, its anticoagulant effect may require urgent reversal in the setting of major bleeding, emergency surgery, or traumatic injury. The lack of routine monitoring and short half-life

Rocuronium is an aminosteroidal nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) used widely in general anesthesia to provide muscle relaxation for tracheal intubation and surgical procedures. Its intermediate duration of action and rapid onset make it favorable compared to other NMBAs. However, due to its mechanism of competitive inhibition of acetylcholine receptors, residual neuromuscular blockade may persist

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are essential in modern anesthesia, facilitating endotracheal intubation and optimal surgical conditions by inducing skeletal muscle paralysis. These agents are classified into depolarizing (e.g., succinylcholine) and non-depolarizing agents (e.g., rocuronium, vecuronium, cisatracurium). Timely and effective reversal of neuromuscular blockade is critical to prevent residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB), a condition associated with