Secondary glaucoma refers to a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) due to an identifiable underlying cause. Unlike primary glaucomas, secondary forms result from trauma, inflammation, vascular disorders, medication use, or systemic diseases that impair aqueous humor outflow or increase its production. This progressive optic neuropathy can lead to irreversible vision
Secondary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for three or more consecutive cycles—or six months—in women who previously had regular menstruation. Unlike primary amenorrhea, which refers to the failure to begin menstruation by age 15, secondary amenorrhea arises after menarche has already occurred. This condition is not a disease itself but a
Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects sebaceous gland-rich areas, most notably the scalp. It manifests through flaky scales, erythema, itchiness, and greasy patches. The condition is frequently confused with dandruff, which is a milder, non-inflammatory form of seborrheic dermatitis. While not contagious or life-threatening, it often presents
Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythematous plaques, greasy scales, and persistent itching, primarily affecting areas rich in sebaceous glands. It commonly manifests on the scalp, face, upper chest, and back. The condition is non-contagious but can significantly impair quality of life due to its visibility and recurring nature. Primary
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a recurring form of depression with a seasonal pattern, most commonly emerging during the fall and winter months. This condition is characterized by mood changes, lethargy, and diminished interest in daily activities. SAD poses a substantial burden on mental health, productivity, and quality of life. A strategic approach encompassing clinical
Sclerotherapy remains a critical intervention for managing esophageal varices, particularly in patients with portal hypertension. However, while effective, the procedure carries a risk of mucosal complications, including sclerotherapy-induced mucositis. This condition, characterized by inflammation and damage to the esophageal mucosa, can significantly impact patient recovery and overall treatment success. A thorough understanding of its etiology,
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by a profound disconnection from reality. It affects how individuals think, feel, and behave, often resulting in hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and significant social or occupational dysfunction. Schizophrenia typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood and, if left untreated, can severely impair quality of life. Core
Schizoaffective disorder is a complex and chronic psychiatric condition characterized by a combination of symptoms seen in both schizophrenia and mood disorders (either depression or bipolar disorder). Individuals with schizoaffective disorder experience episodes of psychosis—including hallucinations and delusions—alongside mood disturbances. It is a unique diagnosis, distinct from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder alone, and requires careful
Scalp psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that manifests as scaly, itchy, and inflamed patches on the scalp. It is a subtype of plaque psoriasis, an immune-mediated disease that accelerates the turnover of skin cells, leading to thickened plaques and silvery-white scales. Though not contagious, scalp psoriasis significantly affects quality of life due to
Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that predominantly affects the lungs and lymphatic system, though it can involve virtually any organ. Characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, this condition presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening. The disease affects individuals of all ethnicities and ages