Intraoperative seizures during neurosurgical procedures represent a critical challenge, with the potential to disrupt surgery, complicate outcomes, and increase morbidity. These events can arise spontaneously or be triggered by surgical stimuli, direct cortical manipulation, or cortical electrical stimulation during brain mapping. An in-depth understanding of their pathophysiology, identification, and immediate intervention strategies is essential for
Isoniazid (INH) is a frontline antitubercular medication, but in overdose situations, it poses a serious neurotoxic threat, most notably by inducing seizures. These seizures are often refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs and require specific antidotal therapy. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evidence-based interventions is crucial in managing INH toxicity effectively. Pathophysiology of Seizures in
Mushroom poisoning from gyromitrin-containing species, notably Gyromitra esculenta (false morel), is a rare but severe toxicological emergency. The ingestion of these mushrooms can lead to a constellation of symptoms, among which generalized tonic-clonic seizures are among the most alarming. The underlying pathophysiology involves gyromitrin metabolism into monomethylhydrazine (MMH), a potent neurotoxin that interferes with central
Seizure disorders, commonly referred to as epilepsy, are neurological conditions characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This results in sudden and uncontrolled episodes, known as seizures, which can manifest in various forms depending on the brain region affected. Seizure disorders can be disruptive to daily life, but with proper understanding, diagnosis, and treatment,
Sedation in pediatric patients is a critical component of modern medical care, designed to alleviate pain, reduce anxiety, and ensure comfort during medical procedures or treatments. Whether in the emergency room, operating room, or outpatient setting, the proper use of sedative agents is essential to managing both the physical and emotional needs of children. Given
Sedation in obstetrics plays a crucial role in managing pain, anxiety, and discomfort during labor, delivery, and various obstetric procedures. The primary goal is to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the newborn, while also providing effective pain relief and minimizing the risk of complications. A careful balance between sedative agents,
Sedation in intubated patients is a cornerstone of intensive care, ensuring patient comfort, synchrony with mechanical ventilation, and minimizing agitation-induced complications. An individualized, protocol-driven approach to sedation optimizes outcomes, shortens ICU stays, and improves mortality when combined with effective pain control and delirium prevention. Goals of Sedation in the Intubated Patient Sedation Depth: Tailoring to
Sedation, when used as an adjunct to anesthesia, plays a critical role in enhancing perioperative comfort, reducing anesthetic requirements, and optimizing recovery. This approach blends pharmacologic strategies to achieve desired levels of consciousness and analgesia while preserving safety. In many surgical and diagnostic procedures, adjunctive sedation minimizes patient distress, facilitates smoother inductions, and supports anesthetic
Sedation refers to the administration of pharmacologic agents to reduce anxiety, discomfort, and awareness during medical or dental procedures. Its use spans a broad spectrum, from minimal sedation where patients remain responsive, to deep sedation and general anesthesia requiring airway support. Sedation enhances procedural success and patient cooperation while prioritizing safety and comfort. Levels of
Secondary osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and compromised bone microarchitecture due to identifiable medical conditions or medications. Unlike primary osteoporosis, which is age- or menopause-related, secondary osteoporosis arises from systemic diseases, endocrine imbalances, or pharmacologic agents that accelerate bone loss or impair bone formation. Failure to recognize