Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS) is a serious neurological disorder composed of two distinct but related conditions: Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis. These conditions often occur sequentially due to a severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), typically linked to chronic alcohol abuse, although other causes such as malnutrition and eating disorders may contribute. Pathophysiology of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Adolescents with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex are classified as obese. This condition poses immediate and long-term risks, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and psychosocial issues. Early, structured weight loss management is essential to mitigate health consequences and support healthy development. We present a multidisciplinary,
Patients with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 27 to 29.9 kg/m² fall within the overweight category. While this does not meet the obesity threshold (BMI ≥30), the presence of weight-related comorbidities—such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or obstructive sleep apnea—justifies active clinical intervention. Early weight loss management reduces the risk of progression to
A body mass index (BMI) of 27 or greater signifies a transition from overweight into the clinical zone of obesity when accompanied by comorbid conditions. At this stage, patients experience increased risks of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, comprehensive weight loss management is not only advisable
Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater, is a chronic, multifactorial disease with serious health consequences including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and certain cancers. Effective weight loss management for obese patients necessitates a structured, personalized, and sustainable approach that targets the underlying causes while incorporating lifestyle,
Unintentional weight loss due to HIV remains one of the earliest and most distressing signs of disease progression, particularly in individuals who are undiagnosed, untreated, or experiencing treatment failure. It reflects complex physiological disturbances involving immune activation, opportunistic infections, poor nutrient absorption, and increased metabolic demands. Understanding the Mechanisms Behind HIV-Related Weight Loss Weight loss
Vulvovaginitis refers to the inflammation of the vulva and vagina, resulting from infections, irritants, allergens, or systemic conditions. It is a broad clinical term encompassing several etiologies and presents across all age groups—from prepubescent children to postmenopausal women. The condition remains one of the most common gynecological complaints, characterized by discomfort, abnormal discharge, odor, and
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) represents a spectrum of precancerous lesions involving the squamous epithelium of the vulva. These changes, although non-invasive, carry the potential to progress into invasive vulvar carcinoma if left undiagnosed or untreated. The clinical relevance of VIN has grown due to its association with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16, and its increasing
Vomiting, or emesis, is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, triggered by the body’s defense mechanisms against irritants, toxins, or various diseases. While often self-limiting, vomiting can indicate underlying medical issues that require prompt diagnosis and treatment. The Physiology Behind Vomiting Vomiting is coordinated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata
Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) is a pathological condition where the vitreous gel adheres abnormally to the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. While posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is a natural part of aging, incomplete separation at the macula can lead to persistent traction and anatomical distortion, which may compromise visual