Sialorrhea, commonly known as excessive drooling, refers to the unintentional loss of saliva from the mouth. It results either from hypersalivation or from impaired oral motor control, often associated with neurological conditions. Sialorrhea significantly impacts quality of life, affecting speech, swallowing, social interaction, and increasing the risk of aspiration. Types of Sialorrhea Sialorrhea can be
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) is a disorder characterized by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. This hormone regulates water retention in the body, and its overproduction leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia—low sodium levels in the blood. SIADH is a form of euvolemic hyponatremia, meaning that despite
Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are those whose birth weight is below the 10th percentile for their gestational age. This means that their size at birth is smaller than expected for the number of weeks they have been in the womb. It is important to understand that being born SGA can be caused
Noonan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects multiple systems in the body, including growth, development, and physical features. One of the hallmark features of Noonan syndrome is short stature, which is seen in the majority of individuals affected by this condition. Short stature in Noonan syndrome is not just a cosmetic issue; it can
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare but serious condition that arises when a significant portion of the small intestine is removed or rendered nonfunctional. This can result in severe malabsorption, as the small intestine is essential for the absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes. Patients with SBS often experience challenges with digestion and nutrient
Shingles, medically known as Herpes Zoster, is a painful viral infection that occurs when the dormant varicella-zoster virus (the same virus responsible for chickenpox) reactivates in the body. This reactivation often results in a painful, blistering rash, most commonly affecting one side of the body. While shingles can occur at any age, the risk significantly
Severe uncontrolled hypertension, defined as persistent systolic blood pressure ≥180 mmHg or diastolic ≥120 mmHg despite medication, presents a significant risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This condition often indicates inadequate therapeutic response, medication non-adherence, or underlying secondary causes. Without timely intervention, it may progress to hypertensive crisis with life-threatening end-organ damage. Pathophysiology of Persistent
Severe recalcitrant psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder characterized by thick, scaly plaques that persist despite conventional therapy. This condition represents a subset of psoriasis cases resistant to topical agents, phototherapy, and even systemic medications. Persistent inflammation, patient-specific immune responses, and comorbidities complicate treatment outcomes. A structured, individualized therapeutic approach is imperative for effective
Severe recalcitrant nodular rosacea represents a rare and complex manifestation of rosacea, marked by chronic inflammatory nodules that are unresponsive to standard treatment modalities. This condition often overlaps with phymatous changes and persistent erythema, significantly impairing skin integrity and patient quality of life. A comprehensive approach is necessary, combining clinical precision, targeted pharmacotherapy, and long-term
Severe recalcitrant nodular acne is the most advanced and persistent form of acne vulgaris, characterized by deep, inflamed, and painful nodules that are resistant to conventional therapies. These lesions often extend into the dermis, causing tissue damage, scarring, and substantial psychological distress. Management of this condition necessitates a strategic, evidence-based approach involving systemic therapies and