Skin irritation is a widespread dermatological concern that affects individuals across all age groups. It presents in various forms—rashes, itching, redness, stinging, or dryness—and may arise from both internal and external factors. Managing irritated skin begins with understanding its underlying causes and implementing targeted treatments and prevention strategies. What Is Skin Irritation? Skin irritation refers
Skin grafting is a crucial procedure used to treat extensive burns, traumatic wounds, and other skin defects. While the primary goal of skin grafting is to restore skin integrity, the use of adjuncts significantly improves the outcomes of grafting procedures. These adjuncts aid in promoting tissue regeneration, reducing graft failure, and enhancing recovery. This article
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen known for its role in healthcare-associated skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs). It poses a significant clinical challenge due to its intrinsic resistance mechanisms and its ability to thrive in moist, damaged, or necrotic tissue environments. These infections are especially prevalent among immunocompromised patients, individuals with burns, and
Endotracheal intubation is a critical procedure in airway management requiring adequate suppression of airway reflexes and muscular activity. Skeletal muscle relaxation facilitates this by allowing optimal laryngoscopic view, minimizing trauma, and preventing patient movement. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) during rapid sequence induction (RSI) or elective intubation is standard practice to achieve profound
Sitosterolemia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of plant sterols (phytosterols) in the body, particularly sitosterol. This condition disrupts cholesterol metabolism, leading to elevated cholesterol levels in the blood and premature cardiovascular disease. Sitosterolemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning a person must inherit two copies of the defective
Sinus tachycardia secondary to antipsychotic medication is a clinically significant yet under-recognized cardiovascular side effect encountered in psychiatric treatment. The interplay between neuroleptic drugs and cardiac conduction systems requires thorough understanding to ensure safe psychopharmacologic practice. Recognizing this adverse effect is vital in preventing misdiagnosis, optimizing therapy, and reducing cardiovascular risk. Pathophysiology: How Antipsychotics Induce
Sinus tachycardia is a condition where the sinoatrial (SA) node increases its firing rate, resulting in a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute while maintaining a normal rhythm. This physiological or pathological elevation in heart rate may be transient or persistent, depending on the underlying cause. Proper evaluation is essential to distinguish between appropriate
Sinus bradycardia refers to a heart rhythm that originates from the sinoatrial (SA) node but at a rate slower than the normal resting threshold. Defined as a heart rate below 60 beats per minute in adults, this arrhythmia is often benign but can also signify an underlying pathological or physiological process depending on the clinical
Simple-partial epilepsy, also known as focal aware seizures, is a form of epilepsy where seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and do not impair consciousness. Individuals remain fully alert during the episode, which typically lasts a few seconds to minutes. These seizures are among the most localized forms of epilepsy and can
Sideroblastic anemia is a heterogeneous group of blood disorders characterized by the bone marrow’s inability to properly incorporate iron into hemoglobin despite adequate or increased iron stores. This results in the accumulation of iron within the mitochondria of erythroid precursors, forming ring sideroblasts—a hallmark feature identifiable through bone marrow examination. Pathophysiology: The Mechanism of Iron