Streptococcal joint infection, a form of septic arthritis, is an acute and potentially destructive condition of the joints caused by Streptococcus species, most commonly Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) and Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus). This infection invades the synovial membrane, leading to rapid joint degradation, intense inflammation, and systemic symptoms if not promptly treated.
Strabismus, commonly referred to as crossed eyes or eye misalignment, is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. One eye may turn inwards, outwards, upwards, or downwards, while the other eye remains focused. This misalignment interferes with binocular vision, leading to double vision or
Stomatitis refers to inflammation within the oral cavity, which may involve the lips, cheeks, tongue, gums, and roof or floor of the mouth. It is not a single condition but rather a clinical manifestation of various underlying causes, ranging from infections to systemic diseases. Patients may experience pain, redness, swelling, ulcers, and difficulty eating or
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare, acute, and potentially fatal skin and mucous membrane disorder characterized by widespread epidermal necrosis and detachment. Often triggered by medications or infections, SJS presents with flu-like symptoms followed by painful red or purplish rash that blisters and peels off, affecting both the skin and internal mucosa. SJS is considered
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurological condition characterized by prolonged or repeated seizures without recovery of consciousness in between. Clinically, it is defined as a seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or two or more seizures between which the patient does not regain full consciousness. It demands immediate medical intervention to prevent irreversible neuronal
Staphylococcus peritonitis refers to inflammation of the peritoneum caused by Staphylococcus species, notably Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. It frequently arises in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), particularly continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and carries a significant risk for morbidity, technique failure, and hospitalization. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) presents additional challenges due to limited therapeutic
Chronic bronchitis, defined by persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes with productive cough for at least three months in two consecutive years, is a subtype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While viral and gram-negative bacterial infections are more commonly implicated in exacerbations, Staphylococcus aureus—particularly methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA)—is an emerging concern in both acute exacerbations
Staphylococcal meningitis is a rare but life-threatening bacterial infection of the meninges, primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains. It represents a severe form of central nervous system (CNS) infection, often associated with neurosurgical procedures, head trauma, or hematogenous spread from distant infections. Prompt recognition, accurate diagnosis, and aggressive
Staphylococcal enterocolitis is an under-recognized but clinically significant gastrointestinal condition caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus, typically following antibiotic therapy or in hospitalized patients. Characterized by severe diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and systemic symptoms, this form of enterocolitis requires precise diagnosis and targeted treatment, particularly to differentiate it from Clostridioides difficile colitis. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. This leads to muscle wasting and weakness, primarily affecting voluntary muscles responsible for activities such as walking, swallowing, and breathing. It is one of the most common genetic causes of infant mortality