Suprapubic pain, located just above the pubic bone in the lower abdomen, is a common but multifaceted symptom encountered in clinical practice. It may be acute or chronic, mild or severe, and its etiology can range from benign urinary tract infections to complex pelvic organ pathologies. Prompt identification of underlying causes is essential to prevent
The gag reflex, or pharyngeal reflex, is a normal protective response triggered by stimulation of the oropharyngeal region. While its purpose is to prevent aspiration, an overactive gag reflex can interfere significantly with dental, medical, and even speech-related procedures. Managing this reflex is essential in clinical settings, especially during dental impressions, endoscopic examinations, or prosthetic
Recurrent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, particularly HSV-2, poses a significant clinical burden in individuals with HIV. Due to the immunocompromised status in HIV-positive patients, HSV infections are more frequent, severe, and persistent. HSV coinfection also contributes to increased HIV viral load and transmission risk, necessitating a structured suppression strategy. Pathophysiology of HSV in HIV-Positive
Superficial ocular infections are localized infections affecting the outermost layers of the eye and its adnexa, including the conjunctiva, corneal epithelium, eyelid margins, and lacrimal structures. These infections, while typically non-vision-threatening, can cause significant discomfort, photophobia, and irritation. Common superficial ocular infections include conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, and dacryocystitis, often resulting from bacterial, viral, fungal, or
Sulfadiazine, a sulfonamide antimicrobial agent, is widely used in the treatment of various bacterial infections and toxoplasmosis, often in combination with pyrimethamine. Despite its therapeutic efficacy, sulfadiazine has a well-documented risk of toxicity, especially in patients with predisposing conditions. Sulfadiazine toxicity encompasses a broad range of adverse effects, ranging from mild hypersensitivity reactions to life-threatening
Schizophrenia, a severe mental health disorder characterized by distorted thinking, hallucinations, and delusions, is often accompanied by significant mood disturbances. One of the most concerning aspects of schizophrenia is the high prevalence of suicidal behavior among those affected. Suicidal thoughts and actions in schizophrenia pose a serious challenge for both patients and healthcare providers, as
Schizoaffective disorder (SAD) is a complex psychiatric condition that combines elements of schizophrenia and mood disorders such as bipolar disorder or depression. It is marked by psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, alongside significant mood disturbances. One of the most concerning aspects of schizoaffective disorder is the heightened risk of suicidal behavior among affected individuals.
Subcutaneous urography is a valuable imaging technique used to evaluate the urinary system, primarily focusing on the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. In modern radiology, enhancing the contrast resorption process has proven essential for improving diagnostic outcomes. The use of adjuncts for contrast resorption in subcutaneous urography plays a pivotal role in achieving better visualization, facilitating
Subacute bursitis refers to the inflammation of a bursa that persists beyond the acute phase, but without the severity typically associated with chronic bursitis. The bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac located around joints that serves to cushion and reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles. When these sacs become irritated or inflamed, the condition
Streptococcal septic abortion is a severe, often life-threatening infection of the uterine cavity occurring after an abortion, induced or spontaneous. This condition is commonly caused by Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae), which can lead to rapid-onset sepsis, endometritis, and multisystem organ failure if not identified and treated promptly. Recognizing