Regional Anesthesia for Ophthalmologic Surgery
Regional anesthesia plays a pivotal role in ophthalmologic surgery by offering effective pain relief while allowing patients to remain awake and responsive during procedures. As…
Regional Anesthesia for Labor Pain
Effective pain management during labor is crucial for maternal satisfaction and favorable outcomes. Regional anesthesia, primarily epidural, spinal, or combined spinal-epidural (CSE) techniques, has become…
Regional Anesthesia for Cesarean Section
Regional anesthesia has become the standard of care for cesarean deliveries worldwide due to its superior maternal safety profile, effective analgesia, and the ability to…
Refractory Osteosarcoma
Refractory osteosarcoma refers to cases where the disease persists or recurs despite initial multimodal treatment involving surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiotherapy. It represents a significant…
Refractory Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is characterized by persistent or recurrent infection of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa caused primarily by Candida species, despite adequate courses…
Refractory Aspergillosis
Refractory aspergillosis refers to invasive aspergillosis (IA) that fails to respond to standard first-line antifungal therapy, typically voriconazole or other triazoles. This serious, life-threatening condition…
Reflux Esophagitis
Reflux esophagitis is a subtype of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) characterized by inflammation, irritation, or swelling of the esophageal lining due to repeated exposure to…
Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is defined as four or more documented episodes of symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis within a 12-month period. It affects millions of women…
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disorder characterized by recurring, painful ulcers, typically on non-keratinized oral tissues. Though benign and non-contagious, RAS…
Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including episodes of mania and depression. While the disorder is widely recognized, there…