Thyroiditis refers to the inflammation of the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped endocrine organ located in the front of the neck. This condition encompasses a spectrum of disorders characterized by various causes, clinical manifestations, and outcomes. While some forms of thyroiditis resolve spontaneously, others may progress to chronic thyroid dysfunction, requiring long-term management. Classification of Thyroiditis:
Thrombotic disorders encompass a range of conditions where abnormal blood clot formation—thrombosis—occurs within blood vessels. These disorders pose significant health risks, as clots can obstruct blood flow and cause tissue ischemia or embolism. Thrombosis may occur in veins (venous thrombosis) or arteries (arterial thrombosis), each with distinct causes, risk factors, and consequences. Classification of Thrombotic
Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by the combination of blood clots (thrombosis) and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). TTS has garnered global attention due to its association with certain adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines, though it can also occur independently or as part of autoimmune conditions. TTS shares pathological
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a severe prothrombotic immune complication of heparin exposure, particularly concerning in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite its thrombocytopenic nature, HIT leads to paradoxical thrombosis that can compromise coronary perfusion, cause stent thrombosis, and lead to catastrophic outcomes during interventional procedures. A meticulous approach is required to safely manage
The Fontan procedure is a palliative surgical intervention performed in patients with single-ventricle congenital heart defects. This operation reroutes systemic venous return directly to the pulmonary arteries, bypassing the heart. While it improves oxygenation and survival, it creates a non-pulsatile, low-flow venous circulation that predisposes patients to thrombosis. Hemodynamic Features Increasing Thrombotic Risk These conditions
Thromboembolism due to prosthetic heart valves represents a significant clinical concern, particularly in patients with mechanical valve replacements. These complications arise when thrombi form on or near the valve surface, dislodge, and embolize to systemic or pulmonary circulation. Valve-related thromboembolic events can result in ischemic stroke, organ infarction, or prosthetic valve dysfunction—necessitating prompt diagnosis, effective
Thrombocytopenia is a common hematologic manifestation in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It is characterized by a platelet count below 150,000/µL and is often multifactorial in origin. As the disease progresses, thrombocytopenia becomes more prominent, particularly in the context of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Its presence may serve as both a marker
Thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count below 150,000/µL, is a frequent hematological abnormality in patients with chronic hepatitis. It is most commonly observed in those with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic hepatitis C (CHC), and advanced liver disease such as cirrhosis. The condition results from a multifactorial pathogenesis involving hypersplenism, impaired thrombopoietin (TPO) production, bone
Thallium is a highly toxic heavy metal once commonly used in rodenticides, insecticides, and electronics manufacturing. Despite regulations limiting its commercial use, thallium exposure still poses serious health risks due to its potent toxicity, especially in industrial accidents, intentional poisonings, or contaminated substances. Thallium poisoning is insidious, often presenting with non-specific symptoms that mimic other
Tetany refers to a medical condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, cramps, or spasms due to increased neuromuscular excitability. This physiological state is most commonly linked to electrolyte disturbances, particularly hypocalcemia, but can also be induced by alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, and other metabolic imbalances. Prompt recognition and treatment of tetany are essential to prevent complications such