Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by airflow limitation due to airway obstruction. This limitation is typically progressive and not fully reversible,…
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Obstructive hydrocephalus, also known as non-communicating hydrocephalus, is a neurological disorder characterized by a blockage in the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the…
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of obsessions—unwanted, intrusive thoughts—and compulsions—repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing distress. These symptoms can…
Obesity Due to Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Deficiency
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency is a rare form of monogenic obesity characterized by early-onset severe obesity, adrenal insufficiency, and red hair pigmentation in most cases. The…
Obesity Due to Leptin Receptor (LEPR) Deficiency
Leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder leading to severe, early-onset obesity caused by disruptions in the body's energy regulation system. As a…
Obesity Due to Bardet Biedl Syndrome
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by multisystemic manifestations, among which obesity is a hallmark. Unlike primary obesity, obesity associated with…
Nummular Dermatitis
Nummular dermatitis, also referred to as discoid eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by the presence of coin-shaped, itchy, and scaly lesions. The…
NSAID-Induced Gastric Ulcer
Nsaid induced gastric ulcer: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely prescribed medications for managing pain and inflammation. However, prolonged or improper NSAID…
NSAID-Induced Duodenal Ulcer
NSAID-induced duodenal ulcers are a critical manifestation of drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), widely prescribed for pain and inflammation, disrupt mucosal integrity through…
Nosocomial Pneumonia Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae
Nosocomial Pneumonia Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: Nosocomial pneumonia, commonly referred to as hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), is an infection of the lung parenchyma that occurs 48…