ChandraSekhar Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, ranking among the top three most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Among its molecular determinants, RAS oncogenes, particularly KRAS and NRAS, play a pivotal role in tumor behavior and treatment responsiveness. Patients with wild-type KRAS and NRAS colorectal cancer, which denotes the absence of mutations in these
Whipple’s disease is a rare, systemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Primarily affecting the small intestine, it leads to malabsorption, but the infection can become systemic, involving multiple organs, including the heart, brain, joints, and eyes. Left untreated, it is progressively debilitating and potentially fatal. Causative Agent: Tropheryma Whipplei Tropheryma whipplei is
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS) is a serious neurological disorder composed of two distinct but related conditions: Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis. These conditions often occur sequentially due to a severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), typically linked to chronic alcohol abuse, although other causes such as malnutrition and eating disorders may contribute. Pathophysiology of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Adolescents with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex are classified as obese. This condition poses immediate and long-term risks, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and psychosocial issues. Early, structured weight loss management is essential to mitigate health consequences and support healthy development. We present a multidisciplinary,
Patients with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 27 to 29.9 kg/m² fall within the overweight category. While this does not meet the obesity threshold (BMI ≥30), the presence of weight-related comorbidities—such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or obstructive sleep apnea—justifies active clinical intervention. Early weight loss management reduces the risk of progression to
A body mass index (BMI) of 27 or greater signifies a transition from overweight into the clinical zone of obesity when accompanied by comorbid conditions. At this stage, patients experience increased risks of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, comprehensive weight loss management is not only advisable
Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater, is a chronic, multifactorial disease with serious health consequences including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and certain cancers. Effective weight loss management for obese patients necessitates a structured, personalized, and sustainable approach that targets the underlying causes while incorporating lifestyle,
Unintentional weight loss due to HIV remains one of the earliest and most distressing signs of disease progression, particularly in individuals who are undiagnosed, untreated, or experiencing treatment failure. It reflects complex physiological disturbances involving immune activation, opportunistic infections, poor nutrient absorption, and increased metabolic demands. Understanding the Mechanisms Behind HIV-Related Weight Loss Weight loss
WHIM syndrome (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis) is a rare, autosomal dominant primary immunodeficiency disorder caused primarily by gain-of-function mutations in the CXCR4 gene. It is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, reduced levels of immunoglobulins, chronic warts due to HPV infection, and neutropenia linked to bone marrow abnormalities. The syndrome presents early in life and
Walking impairment due to multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and often debilitating symptom that significantly impacts the independence and quality of life of individuals with MS. This condition stems from the demyelination of nerve fibers within the central nervous system, disrupting the communication between the brain and muscles that coordinate movement. Neurological Basis of